Referring to the graphs above, from the time of the merger update that occurred on September 15, 2022 to today, which is November 9, 2022:

1- There is a high number and volume of Validators in the Beacon chain from September to October.

2- From October 2 to October 18, we see a decrease in Validator activity in the beacon chain. So that on October 9th it reached its lowest level of 156 Validators in one day (I think the reason could be due to the October 2022 blockchain-based hacks that reduced trust)

3- After October 19, over time, we see a high activity of Validators in the Ethereum beacon chain (it seems that the necessary trust in this network has been provided)

4- There are more than 396 thousand blocks in Beacon Chain. 2- We can see that there is an almost constant number of blocks produced each day over time.

5- In the period in question, the largest number of blocks produced is related to November 4, 2022 with 7167 blocks.

6- The total number of validations registered in the chain is more than 34.9 thousand people.

7- In the period in question, the highest number of validations registered in the chain is related to September 23, 2022 with a number of 18.3. 6. We can see the daily number of active and total validations as well as daily generated blocks since September 15th over time in the charts above.

• Result
• As we can see, over time there is a number of new validations in the beacon chain.
• This means that Ethereum will become more and more decentralized and secure over time because the more people participate in the network, the more stakes and validations will be made, creating more blocks, resulting in the power of the network between increasing numbers.
• Validation is distributed and the network will be more secure and decentralized against attacks.

In the deposits section since the merge update that happened on September 15, 2022 to today, November 9, 2022: 1- The total number of deposits is equal to 37.4k 2- The total volume of deposits is equal to 1.114 million 3- The average volume of deposits is equal to 29.8 4- The average size of deposit is equal to 32 5- The minimum amount of deposit is equal to 1 6- Maximum Deposit Volume is equal to 32

Result As mentioned in the previous section, the more the number of deposits, the more the number of transactions.

• In fact, the more people participate in the network, the more shares and credits are made and the more blocks are created, and as a result, the power of the network increases. .
• Distributed authentication and the network will be more secure and decentralized against attacks.

In this section, we check the distribution of validation based on the total amount of their deposit, according to the above graphs, we see that: 1- The most validation with 34.682 k based on 32 ETH (more than 99.3% of them) 2- The number of 233 validations based on 16ETH has been done (more than 0.667% of them) 2-3 Validation is based on 1 ETH 4- Based on each of 9, 64, and 2 ETH, only one validation has been done. Result

As mentioned in the previous section, the more the number of deposits, the more the number of transactions. In fact, the more people participate in the network, the more shares and credits are made and the more blocks are created, and as a result, the power of the network increases.

. Distributed authentication and the network will be more secure and decentralized against attacks.

Who will maintain the network after the merger?

• , users who are able to stake a total of 32 Ethereum are eligible for individual validation of the Ethereum Beacon chain. Validators are assigned to randomly generate blocks and validate transactions and blocks created by other validators on the network.
• Users can also participate by putting smaller amounts of ETH into shared or centralized pools, which promise a share of the reward for validating and maintaining the network. There are several betting options to consider for those interested in playing a role in the network's new consensus mechanism.
• A recent report by blockchain analytics platform Nansen shows that just over 11% of all ETH in circulation is 65% liquid and 35% illiquid. There are a total of 426,000 validators and around 80,000 depositors, while a small group of entities manage a significant portion of the ETH stake.
• The top three cryptocurrency exchanges account for roughly 30% of the ETH stake, namely Coinbase, Kraken, and Binance. Lido DAO, the largest merger stake provider, holds the largest amount of shareholder ETH with a 31% stake, while the fifth unlabeled validation group holds 23% of the stake.

In the daily average section from the merge update that occurred on September 15, 2022 to today, November 9, 2022:

1- The daily average number of deposits is equal to 667

2- The average daily volume of deposits is equal to 652

3- The average daily number of active validation is equal to 19.9k

Result As mentioned in the previous section, the more the number of deposits, the more the number of transactions.

In fact, the more people participate in the network, the more shares and credits are made and the more blocks are created, and as a result, the power of the network increases. .

Distributed authentication and the network will be more secure and decentralized against attacks.

What is MERGE?

• The Ethereum Merge was a significant first and a crowning achievement for Ethereum developers, as no other currently operational public blockchain has changed its consensus mechanism before.
• It’s safe to say that a milestone has been reached.
• There was a lot of speculation on whether they could even pull it off, and to their credit, the transition went almost flawlessly.
• Many detractors were predicting doom in the weeks leading up to the Merge.
• Ethereum’s PoW mainnet chain, which held all the transactional records on the blockchain since the genesis block was merged into a parallel PoS blockchain, called the Beacon chain, completed the transition to Proof of Stake (PoS).
• This merging of both blockchains allowed Ethereum to successfully switch from an energy-intensive Proof of Work (PoW) based network to a PoS-based network with a 99% reduction in energy consumption.
• Aside from requiring less energy, Ethereum no longer has miners producing new blocks and verifying transactions by consuming electricity and producing work by guessing random numbers with GPUs.
• It now uses a validator model where node operators must stake ETH tokens to secure the network, validate transactions, and produce new blocks. The Beacon Chain is now the consensus engine for all network data, including both execution layer transactions and account balances.

SOURCE

I thank alik110 for inspiration from her dashboard codes

What is MERGE?

What is the Beacon Chain?

Slashing

Methodology

• In this dashboard, we're going to explore the decentralization of the PoS network, as well as the decline in proposers and validators since the Merge update (which happened on September 15th). For this, we use the new Flipside (Ethereum.Beacon_Chain) plan
• We explore this dashboard in 4 sections below 1- Produced Blocks 2- Validators 3-Deposits 4- Slashing

According to the graphs above and on the left, the highest volume of ETH (more than 55.616k ETH) was deposited to the beacon chain on September 23, 2022.

1- There is a high number and volume of deposits in the Beacon chain from September to October 1.

2- From October 2 to October 18, we can see a decrease in deposit activity in the Beacon chain. So that on October 9, it reached its lowest level, i.e. 156 deposits in one day (in my opinion, the reason can be due to blockchain-based hacks in October 2022, which has reduced some trust)

3- After October 19th, we can see high deposit activity on the Ethereum beacon chain over time (it seems that the necessary trust in this network is provided)

4- The highest daily number of deposits is on September 23, 2022 with 1,865 deposits in one day 5- The largest volume of daily deposits is related to September 23 with 55.65k the chart Also, in the chart of Total Deposited ETH Amount Over Time Since MErge, you can see the daily trend of ETH deposits, which has a gentle slope.

In this section, we examine Slashed vs Not Slashed Attestations of Beacon Chain Blocks Since Merge, Average Daily Number of Slashed and Not Slashed Attestations Blocks, and Daily Number of Slashed and Not Slashed Attestation Blocks.

1- Since the Merge event, there are no bidders cut in the Ethereum beacon chain. 2 There are very few (only 23) blocks that have experienced clipped verifiers. This number is very low compared to other blocks of 393 thousand people. 3- We can see this trend on a daily basis in the graph of the daily number of confirmed blocks without slashes 4- On September 23, with 16 blocks of cut certificates, it recorded the highest daily number. 5- As we can see, most of the slashes happened in the first days of the Merge upgrade (from September 15th to September 23rd), but after this period, we can see only 2 Attesters on the Beacon chain. Therefore, this shows that the network becomes more stable and powerful over time after the Merge event. 6- On average, there are 3.28 Slashed Attester blocks per day 7- On average, there are 7020 blocks slashed per day. RESULT As we can see, the only reason for the slash is the certificate rule violation, and there is no trace of the proposer rule violation after the Merge event in the Beacon chain.

Also, we can see that September 23 was the day with the highest number of Slashed atester blocks (16 Slashing). Also, period number 148711 has experienced the highest number of disconnected verifiers (4 disconnected verifiers). Also, period number 148710 and 148712 after 148711 have experienced the highest number of disconnected verifiers (3 disconnected verifiers).

Conclusion

Produced Blocks

• There are more than 396 thousand blocks in Beacon Chain. 2- We can see that there is an almost constant number of blocks produced each day over time.

Validators AND Deposits

• As we can see, over time there is a number of new validations in the beacon chain.
• This means that Ethereum will become more and more decentralized and secure over time because the more people participate in the network, the more stakes and validations will be made, creating more blocks, resulting in the power of the network between increasing numbers.
• Validation is distributed and the network will be more secure and decentralized against attacks.

Slashing

• As we can see, the only reason for the slash is the certificate rule violation, and there is no trace of the proposer rule violation after the Merge event in the Beacon chain.

Produced Blocks AND Validators

Deposits

Slashing

What is the Beacon Chain?

• The Beacon Chain, which shipped on December 1, 2020, is the Ethereum network’s upgrade to a Proof-of-Stake blockchain. Essentially it is a PoS consensus layer that handles a network of stakers.
• In order to understand what the Beacon Chain can do for the network, it’s important to understand the problems that the network currently faces. Right now, Ethereum’s consensus layer is what’s known as a Proof-of-Work consensus layer, same as Bitcoin’s.
• This involved different nodes run by computers solving complex math problems in order to come to consensus and be able to produce the next block on the blockchain.
• While the system itself works fine, with a lot of users conducting transactions it becomes quite unwieldy.

What Is Slashing?

• Most Proof-of-Stake blockchains have reward and penalty mechanisms. Good behaviors are encouraged through rewards.
• Validators receive rewards for both attesting and proposing blocks to the blockchain as a percentage of their stake.
• On the flip side, bad behaviors, inactivity, and dishonest validations are subject to a penalty called slashing.
• This mechanism is designed to discourage malicious validator behavior and to incentivize network participation, as well as node security and availability.
• The particularities of slashing vary from one protocol to another and are defined within them. In many cases, a predefined percentage or a fixed amount of a validator’s stake is lost if it doesn’t behave as expected. Some protocols even apply a complete slashing of the stake or remove the validator from the group either for the current epoch or permanently.
• To incentivize security and decentralization, some networks, such as Polkadot and ETH2, use the so-called correlated slashing. This means that the penalty escalates based on the percentage of total validators that engage in the bad behavior at the same time. Let’s say that 10 out of 100 validators are down. In such a case, the slashing penalty is smaller per validator than if 25 out of 100 validators are down.